Therapeutic cancer vaccines have undergone a resurgence in the past decade. A better
understanding of the breadth of tumour-associated antigens, the native immune response …

In one decade, immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs) has become
a new pillar of cancer treatment following surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted …

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) characterized by the expression of the master transcription factor
forkhead box protein p3 (Foxp3) suppress anticancer immunity, thereby hindering protective …

In the setting of conventional radiation therapy, even when combined with immunotherapy,
head and neck cancer often recurs locally and regionally. Elective nodal irradiation (ENI) is …

In cancer-immunity cycle, the immune checkpoint PD1 and its ligand PDL1 act as
accomplices to help tumors resist to immunity-induced apoptosis and promote tumor …

CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are preferred immune cells for targeting cancer.
During cancer progression, CTLs encounter dysfunction and exhaustion due to …

T Regulatory cells (Tregs) can have both protective and pathological roles. They maintain
immune homeostasis and inhibit immune responses in various diseases, including cancer …

Radiotherapy (RT), including external beam RT and internal radiation therapy, uses high-
energy ionizing radiation to kill tumor cells. However, ionizing radiation inevitably damages …

Five-year survival for human papilloma virus-unrelated head and neck squamous cell
carcinomas remain below 50%. We assessed the safety of administering combination …

Alterations in gut microbiota impact the pathophysiology of several diseases, including
cancer. Radiotherapy (RT), an established curative and palliative cancer treatment, exerts …