Chronic (continuous, non-interrupted) hypoxia and cycling (intermittent, transient) hypoxia
are two types of hypoxia occurring in malignant tumors. They are both associated with the …

The proper restraint of the destructive potential of the immune system is essential for
maintaining health. Regulatory T (Treg) cells ensure immune homeostasis through their …

Introduction: Hypoxia is one of the intrinsic features of solid tumors, and it is always
associated with aggressive phenotypes, including resistance to radiation and …

Cancer is a disease which frequently has a poor prognosis. Although multiple therapeutic
strategies have been developed for various cancers, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy …

The cellular response to oxygen deprivation is governed largely by a family of transcription
factors known as Hypoxia Inducible Factors (HIFs). This review focuses on the molecular …

Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are broadly expressed in human cancers, and HIF1α and
HIF2α were previously suspected to promote tumour progression through largely …

The decline of oxygen tension in the tissues below the physiological demand leads to the
hypoxic adaptive response. This physiological consequence enables cells to recover from …

Oxygen (O 2) is an essential nutrient that serves as a key substrate in cellular metabolism
and bioenergetics. In a variety of physiological and pathological states, organisms …

The pyruvate kinase isoforms PKM1 and PKM2 are alternatively spliced products of the
PKM2 gene. PKM2, but not PKM1, alters glucose metabolism in cancer cells and contributes …

Hypoxia is an inadequate oxygen supply to tissues and cells, which can restrict their
function. The hypoxic response is primarily mediated by the hypoxia-inducible transcription …