Cells in the renal inner medulla are normally exposed to extraordinarily high levels of NaCl
and urea. The osmotic stress causes numerous perturbations because of the hypertonic …

Hyperosmotic stress is an often overlooked process that potentially contributes to a number
of human diseases. Whereas renal hyperosmolarity is a well-studied phenomenon, recent …

The sulfur-containing β-amino acid, taurine, is the most abundant free amino acid in cardiac
and skeletal muscle. Although its physiological function has not been established, it is …

Abstract Taurine (2‑aminoethanesulfonic acid) contributes to homeostasis, mainly through
its antioxidant and osmoregulatory properties. Taurine's influx and efflux are mainly …

Taurine transport undergoes an adaptive response to changes in taurine availability. Unlike
most amino acids, taurine is not metabolized or incorporated into protein but remains free in …

Tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) plays a key role in protecting renal
cells from hypertonic stress by stimulating transcription of specific genes. Under hypertonic …

Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is required for ensuring proper muscle functioning.
Knockout of the taurine transporter in mice results in low taurine concentrations in the …

The cellular response to osmotic stress ensures that the concentration of water inside the
cell is maintained within a range that is compatible with biologic function. Single cell …

The massive uptake of compatible osmolytes such as betaine, taurine, and myo-inositol is a
protective response shared by all eukaryotes exposed to hypertonic stress. Their …

Skeletal muscle regeneration depends on myoblast migration, differentiation and myofiber
formation. Isoforms of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family of transcription …