The quest to understand the memory engram has intrigued humans for centuries. Recent
technological advances, including genetic labeling, imaging, optogenetic and chemogenetic …

Postnatal development of hippocampal function has been reported in many mammalian
species, including humans. To obtain synaptic evidence, we analyzed developmental …

Layer V neurons in the primary motor cortex (M1) are important for motor skill learning. Since
pretreatment of either CNQX or APV in rat M1 layer V impaired rotor rod learning, we …

Proper formation of the hippocampus is crucial for the brain to execute memory and learning
functions. However, many questions remain regarding how pyramidal neurons (PNs) of the …

To determine the critical timing for learning and the associated synaptic plasticity, we
analyzed developmental changes in learning together with training-induced plasticity. Rats …

Central nervous system (CNS) development is a very complex process that can be altered
by environmental stimuli such as noise, which can generate long-term auditory and/or extra …

Layer V neurons in primary motor cortex (M1) are required for motor skill learning. We
analyzed training-induced plasticity using a whole-cell slice patch-clamp technique with a …

AMPA receptors (AMPARs) mediate fast excitatory neurotransmission and their role is
implicated in complex processes such as learning and memory and various neurological …

We expose various kinds of context in our everyday lives and hence contextual memory is
critically important for us. Since hippocampus is a major area for processing contextual …

Contextual learning requires the delivery of AMPA receptors to CA1 synapses in the dorsal
hippocampus. However, proximodistal heterogeneity of pathway-specific plasticity remains …