Modern fishing changes the ocean environment in many ways, including disturbing the sea
floor, altering the food webs, and shifting many important ecosystem functions. Natural …

The functional response of a consumer to a gradient of resource density is a widespread
and consistent framework used to quantify the importance of consumption to population …

Predator–prey interactions are important drivers in structuring ecological communities.
However, despite widespread acknowledgement that individual behaviours and predator …

Although human‐mediated extinctions disproportionately affect higher trophic levels, the
ecosystem consequences of declining diversity are best known for plants and herbivores …

Classical views of trophic cascades emphasize the primacy of consumptive predator effects
on prey populations to the transmission of indirect effects [density‐mediated indirect …

Although multiple predator effects and trophic cascades have both been demonstrated in a
wide variety of ecosystems, ecologists have yet to incorporate these studies into an …

Anthropogenic elevation of atmospheric CO2 is driving global-scale ocean acidification,
which consequently influences calcification rates of many marine invertebrates and …

The predator functional response (ie per capita consumption rate as a function of prey
density) is central to our understanding of predator–prey population dynamics. This …

In nature, vigilance is a common anti-predator strategy prey individuals employ to protect
themselves from a possible attack. It gives them sufficient time to take cover or flee. Yet this …

Predation can significantly affect prey populations and communities, but predator effects can
be attenuated when abiotic conditions interfere with foraging activities. In estuarine …