Chloroplasts play a crucial role in sustaining life on earth. The availability of over 800
sequenced chloroplast genomes from a variety of land plants has enhanced our …

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), or host defence peptides, are short proteins in various life
forms. Here we discuss AMPs, which may become a promising substitute or adjuvant in …

When compared to other organisms, plants are atypical with respect to isoprenoid
biosynthesis: they utilize two distinct and separately compartmentalized pathways to build …

Salvia miltiorrhiza is an important medicinal plant with great economic and medicinal value.
The complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of Salvia miltiorrhiza, the first sequenced …

Plant cells are ideal bioreactors for the production and oral delivery of vaccines and
biopharmaceuticals, eliminating the need for expensive fermentation, purification, cold …

The production of recombinant proteins is one of the most significant achievements of
biotechnology in the last century. These proteins are produced in the eukaryotic or …

The emergence of drug-resistant pathogens poses a serious critical threat to global public
health and requires immediate action. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a class of short …

The plastome of land plants is often considered to be highly conserved in sequence,
structure, and content. This is particularly true for nonvascular land plants, for which few …

Chloroplasts are known to sustain life on earth by providing food, fuel, and oxygen through
the process of photosynthesis. However, the chloroplast genome has also been smartly …

Heterologous regulatory elements and flanking sequences have been used in chloroplast
transformation of several crop species, but their roles and mechanisms have not yet been …