Opioids mediate their effects via opioid receptors: mu, delta, and kappa. At the neuronal
level, opioid receptors are generally inhibitory, presynaptically reducing neurotransmitter …

Dysfunctional dopamine (DA) signaling has been associated with a broad spectrum of
neuropsychiatric disorders, prompting investigations into how midbrain DA neuron …

Morphine is an alkaloid from the opium poppy used to treat pain. The potentially lethal side
effects of morphine and related opioids—which include fatal respiratory depression—are …

Ventral midbrain dopamine (DA) is unambiguously involved in motivation and behavioral
arousal, yet the contributions of other DA populations to these processes are poorly …

Social connections are vital to survival throughout the animal kingdom and are dynamic
across the life span. There are debilitating consequences of social isolation and loneliness …

Sex differences in pain severity, response, and pathological susceptibility are widely
reported, but the neural mechanisms that contribute to these outcomes remain poorly …

Early work stressed the differing involvement of the central amygdala (CeA) and bed
nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) in the genesis of fear versus anxiety, respectively. In …

It is widely thought that phasic and sustained responses to threat reflect dissociable circuits
centered on the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) and the bed nucleus of the stria …

In this review we describe the electroanalytical method known as fast-scan cyclic
voltammetry (FSCV), how it has advanced over the years, and in what way (s) it is impacting …

Chemogenetic technologies enable selective pharmacological control of specific cell
populations. An increasing number of approaches have been developed that modulate …