The firefly algorithm has become an increasingly important tool of Swarm Intelligence that
has been applied in almost all areas of optimization, as well as engineering practice. Many …

Since 1929, when it was discovered that ATP is a substrate for muscle contraction, the
knowledge about this purine nucleotide has been greatly expanded. Many aspects of cell …

RNA and DNA expression vectors containing genes for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase,
luciferase, and β-galactosidase were separately injected into mouse skeletal muscle in vivo …

Control elements of the tetracycline-resistance operon encoded in Tn10 of Escherichia coli
have been utilized to establish a highly efficient regulatory system in mammalian cells. By …

Abstract Adenosine 5′ triphosphate (ATP) is a universal intracellular energy source and an
evolutionarily ancient, ubiquitous extracellular signal in diverse species. Here, we report the …

Hypersensitive site 2 located in the beta-globin locus control region confers high levels of
expression to the genes of the beta-globin cluster. A tandem repeat of the consensus …

Based on parameters governing promoter activity and using regulatory elements of the lac,
ara and tet operon transcription control sequences were composed which permit the …

We have developed an efficient and reproducible method for RNA transfection, using a
synthetic cationic lipid, N-[1-(2, 3-dioleyloxy) propyl]-N, N, N-trimethylammonium chloride …

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) specific for conserved viral antigens can respond to different
strains of virus, in contrast to antibodies, which are generally strain-specific. The generation …

Polynucleotide sequences, comprising DNA and RNA mol ecules can be directly
administered, for example by injec tion, to tissues, Such as muscle, and expressed as a …