The water mass transformation (WMT) framework weaves together circulation,
thermodynamics, and biogeochemistry into a description of the ocean that complements …

Data from approximately 144,000 hydrographic stations in the North Atlantic have been
retrieved from the national Oceanic Data Centre and analysed to produce maps of mean …

A new operational ocean reanalysis system (ORAS4) has been implemented at ECMWF. It
spans the period 1958 to the present. This article describes its main components and …

The ocean engine of NEMO is a primitive equation model adapted to regional and global
ocean circulation problems. It is intended to be a flexible tool for studying the ocean and its …

The atmosphere and ocean are two of the most important components of the climate system,
and fluid dynamics is central to our understanding of both. This book provides a unified and …

A subgrid-scale form for mesoscale eddy mixing on isopycnal surfaces is proposed for use
in non-eddy-resolving ocean circulation models. The mixing is applied in isopycnal …

A nonlinear inverse method is applied to nutrient data upon approximately 20 neutral
surfaces in each of the South Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific basins, between 400 and 4000 m …

Using over 1.6 million profiles of salinity, potential temperature, and neutral density from
historical archives and the international Argo Program, this study develops the three …

Finite element exterior calculus is an approach to the design and understanding of finite
element discretizations for a wide variety of systems of partial differential equations. This …

This manual describes the details of the numerical methods and discretization used in the
Parallel Ocean Program (POP), a level-coordinate ocean general circulation model that …