Oxygen is an essential element for life and without oxygen humans can survive for few
minutes only. There should be a balance between oxygen demand and delivery in order to …

It has been known for more than 60 years, and suspected for over 100, that alveolar hypoxia
causes pulmonary vasoconstriction by means of mechanisms local to the lung. For the last …

Background: Pulmonary rehabilitation is recognized as a core component of the
management of individuals with chronic respiratory disease. Since the 2006 American …

The current epidemic of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has produced a
worldwide health care burden, approaching that imposed by transmittable infectious …

Since the last statements on pulmonary rehabilitation by the American Thoracic Society
(ATS; 1999) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS; 1997), there have been numerous …

Patients with chronic lung diseases, particularly interstitial lung disease and chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease, frequently develop pulmonary hypertension, which results in …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of death and disability
internationally. Alveolar hypoxia and consequent hypoxemia increase in prevalence as …

Rationale: Several studies in mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have
shown a higher than normal ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (V. e/V. co2) during …

Background Very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease causes cor pulmonale with
elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and secondary reductions in left ventricular filling …

Background Cigarette smoking contributes to lung remodelling in chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD). As part of remodelling, peribronchiolar fibrosis is observed in …