Despite the expanding clinical utility of botulinum neurotoxins, there remain problems to be
solved for attaining the best outcome. The efficacy and safety need to be reconsidered for …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are a family of neurotoxins produced by Clostridia and other
bacteria that induce botulism. BoNTs are internalized into nerve terminals at the site of …

Recent animal experiments suggested that centrally transported botulinum toxin type A
(BoNT-A) might reduce an abnormal muscle tone, though with an unknown contribution to …

Overt muscle activity and impaired spinal locomotor control hampering coordinated
movement is a hallmark of spasticity and movement disorders like dystonia. While botulinum …

Background Depression is characterized by low moods, anhedonia, and social avoidance.
Effective and acceptable treatments are required for depression. Positive effects on mood …

Tetanus and Botulinum type B neurotoxins are bacterial metalloproteases that specifically
cleave the vesicle-associated membrane protein VAMP at an identical peptide bond …

This review provides an up-to-date literature account on the efficacy of Botulinum toxin
treatment for common motor disorders of Parkinson Disease. The reviewed disorders …

Botulism has been known for about three centuries, and since its discovery, botulinum toxin
has been considered one of the most powerful toxins. However, throughout the 20th century …

Objective Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) provides lasting pain relief in patients with
craniofacial pain conditions but the mechanisms of its antinociceptive activity remain …

Widely available low-cost electronics encourage the development of open-source tools for
neuroscientific research. In recent years, many neuroscientists recognized the open science …