Higher order ionospheric effects are increasingly relevant as precision requirements on GPS
data and products increase. The refractive index of the ionosphere is affected by its electron …

Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) satellites emit signals that propagate as
electromagnetic waves through space to the receivers which are located on or near the …

The ionosphere is the ionized part of the earth's atmosphere lying between about 50 km and
several earth radii (Davies, 1990) whereas the upper part above about 1000 km height up to …

Context. When a microwave passes through the ionosphere, it produces ionospheric
refraction and path bending, leading to changes in frequency and reducing the accuracy of …

The residual ionospheric error (RIE) from higher-order terms in the refractive index is not
negligible when using global navigation satellite system (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) data …

We study the impact of large-scale ionospheric structure on the accuracy of radio occultation
(RO) retrievals. We use a climatological model of the ionosphere as well as an ionospheric …

The standard approach to remove the effects of the ionosphere from neutral atmosphere
GPS radio occultation measurements is to estimate a corrected bending angle from a …

Abstract Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) is an innovative
meteorological remote sensing technique for measuring atmospheric parameters such as …

The radio occultation (RO) technique using signals from the Global Navigation Satellite
System (GNSS), in particular from the Global Positioning System (GPS) so far, is currently …

Ionospheric propagation effects on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) signals are
the most pronounced during radio occultation due to long ionospheric travel paths of the …