Shade trees in agroforestry systems confer ecosystem services, such as enhanced soil
fertility from diverse litter inputs, microclimate regulation via shade, and disease mitigation …

Crop root-associated microbiomes have been heralded for their potential to improve plant
health and productivity. Optimizing beneficial interactions with rhizosphere microorganisms …

Following severe forest loss in recent decades, Southeast Asian countries are increasingly
employing social forestry as a means to ensure the sustainable development of their forest …

Agroforestry is often proposed as a 'climate smart'strategy for allowing agriculture to both
adapt to and mitigate climate change and sustainably increase agricultural production. This …

The multifunctional role of shade trees for conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem
services in natural forests and agroforests is well documented, yet we lack insights into the …

The susceptibility of cocoa to harsh climatic conditions is evident in cocoa growing areas in
Ghana, and climate distribution models show reduced cocoa suitability to climate change …

Cacao in Honduras is cultivated under traditional shade tree species (Inga sp., Erythrina sp.,
Gliricidia sp.), fruit and timber species deliberately planted or selected and managed from …

A network of agronomists, researchers, and practitioners associated with cacao farming
provided open access to their independent field trials across Latin America and the …

Agricultural systems have a long history of responding to various economic and socio-
political forces, including supply and demand, political preferences and power inequalities …

Climate change is a growing threat to agriculture globally, with most substantial impacts
expected in tropical smallholder systems such as cocoa farms in West Africa. Cocoa …