The encoded biosynthesis of proteins provides the ultimate paradigm for high-fidelity
synthesis of long polymers of defined sequence and composition, but it is limited to …

Nature uses a limited, conservative set of amino acids to synthesize proteins. The ability to
genetically encode an expanded set of building blocks with new chemical and physical …

Proteins carry out a wide variety of catalytic, regulatory, signalling and structural functions in
living systems. Following their assembly on ribosomes and throughout their lifetimes, most …

Over 500 natural and synthetic amino acids have been genetically encoded in the last two
decades. Incorporating these noncanonical amino acids into proteins enables many …

Our understanding of the complex molecular processes of living organisms at the molecular
level is growing exponentially. This knowledge, together with a powerful arsenal of tools for …

Despite decades of accumulated knowledge about proteins and their post-translational
modifications (PTMs), numerous questions remain regarding their molecular composition …

Since the establishment of site-specific mutagenesis of single amino acids to interrogate
protein function in the 1970s, biochemists have sought to tailor protein structure in the native …

Over the past 16 years, genetic code expansion and reprogramming in living organisms has
been transformed by advances that leverage the unique properties of pyrrolysyl-tRNA …

Chemists, biologists, and material scientists alike have long sought to control protein
presentation, orientation, and activity within biomaterials to dictate reaction catalysis …

In living systems, the chemical space and functional repertoire of proteins are dramatically
expanded through the post-translational modification (PTM) of various amino acid residues …