Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various chronic liver diseases
(CLD) and increasing evidence have confirmed the contributory role of oxidative stress in …

It is generally acknowledged that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play crucial roles in a
variety of natural processes in cells. If increased to levels which cannot be neutralized by the …

Human host and pathogen interaction is dynamic in nature and often modulated by co-
pathogens with a functional role in delineating the physiological outcome of infection. Co …

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is one of the most interesting diseases
in the field of maxillofacial surgery. In addition to bisphosphonates, the use of antiresorptive …

Oxidative stress plays a dual role in infections. Free radicals protect against invading
microorganisms, and they can also cause tissue damage during the resulting inflammation …

The nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a major regulator of intracellular
inducible defense systems against harmful endogenous and exogenous substances in the …

Background The synergy between the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and
Mycobacterium tuberculosis during co-infection of a host is well known. While this synergy is …

The HIV/AIDS (human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) and
tuberculosis (TB) pandemics are perpetuated by a significant global burden of HIV/TB co …

Toxoplasma gondii and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are pathogens that are harmful to
humans. When these diseases interact in humans, the result is typically fatal to the public …

Given advances in antiretroviral therapy, the mortality rate for HIV infection has dropped
considerably over recent decades. However, people living with HIV (PLWH) experience …