Importance Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder and it affects
approximately 5% of adults and 35% of hospitalized patients. Hyponatremia is defined by a …

Key Clinical Points Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis (SIAD) Hyponatremia is the most
common electrolyte abnormality. The condition is usually caused by a water excess relative …

Hypokalemia is a common electrolyte disturbance, especially in hospitalized patients. It can
have various causes, including endocrine ones. Sometimes, hypokalemia requires urgent …

Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a disorder characterized by excretion of large amounts of
hypotonic urine. Central DI results from a deficiency of the hormone arginine vasopressin …

Diabetes insipidus is a disorder characterized by excretion of large amounts of hypotonic
urine. Four entities have to be differentiated: central diabetes insipidus resulting from a …

International guidelines designed to minimize the risk of complications that can occur when
correcting severe hyponatremia have been widely accepted for a decade. On the basis of …

Background Overly rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia may lead to osmotic
demyelination syndrome. European guidelines recommend a correction to≤ 10 mEq/L in 24 …

Oxytocin is a peptide hormone that plays a key role in regulating the female reproductive
system, including during labor and lactation. It is produced primarily in the hypothalamus …

Background Acute hyponatremia is a medical emergency that confers high mortality,
attributed primarily to cerebral edema. Expert guidelines advocate the use of intravenous …

Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a disorder characterised by the excretion of large amounts of
hypotonic urine, with a prevalence of 1 per 25,000 population. Central DI (CDI), better now …