BACKGROUND Although the ocean moderates anthropogenic climate change, this has
great impacts on its fundamental physics and chemistry, with important consequences for …

The deep ocean below 200 m water depth is the least observed, but largest habitat on our
planet by volume and area. Over 150 years of exploration has revealed that this dynamic …

Anthozoan cnidarians (corals and sea anemones) include some of the world's most
important foundation species, capable of building massive reef complexes that support …

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), primarily from human fossil fuel combustion,
reduces ocean pH and causes wholesale shifts in seawater carbonate chemistry. The …

The deep sea, the largest biome on Earth, has a series of characteristics that make this
environment both distinct from other marine and land ecosystems and unique for the entire …

The deep sea encompasses the largest ecosystems on Earth. Although poorly known, deep
seafloor ecosystems provide services that are vitally important to the entire ocean and …

The Earth's climate is determined by a number of complex connected physical, chemical and
biological processes occurring in the atmosphere, land and ocean. The radiative properties …

The deep sea is often viewed as a vast, dark, remote, and inhospitable environment, yet the
deep ocean and seafloor are crucial to our lives through the services that they provide. Our …

To assess the potential impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on offshore ecosystems, 11
sites hosting deep-water coral communities were examined 3 to 4 mo after the well was …

" There are more coral species in deep, cold-waters than in tropical coral reefs. This broad-
ranging treatment is the first to synthesise current understanding of all types of cold-water …