Seasonal influenza viruses cause recurring global epidemics by continually evolving to
escape host immunity. The viral constraints and host immune responses that limit and drive …

Viruses are strictly intracellular parasites requiring host cellular functions to complete their
reproduction cycle involving virus infection of host cell, viral genome replication, viral protein …

Influenza neuraminidase (NA) has received increasing attention as an effective vaccine
target. However, its mutational tolerance is not well characterized. Here, the fitness effects …

Despite their fundamental role in resolving viral infections, our understanding of how
polyclonal neutralizing antibody responses target non-enveloped viruses remains limited …

For antigenically variable pathogens such as influenza, strain fitness is partly determined by
the relative availability of hosts susceptible to infection with that strain compared to others …

H7N9 avian influenza viruses have caused severe harm to the global aquaculture industry
and human health. For further understanding of the characteristics of prevalence and …

Alkoxy-substituted enamides are often used as synthetic intermediates due to their special
reactivity. To the best our knowledge, the biological activity of alkoxy-substituted amines has …

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) of the H1N1 classical swine lineage became endemic in North
American swine following the 1918 pandemic. Additional human-to-swine transmission …

The antigenic evolution of the influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) gene poses a major
challenge for the development of vaccines capable of eliciting long-term protection. Prior …

Recently, high-throughput sequencing of influenza A viruses has become a routine test. It
should be noted that the extremely high diversity of the influenza A virus complicates the …