Opioids are mainly used to treat both acute and chronic pain. Several opioids are
metabolized to some extent by CYP2D6 (codeine, tramadol, hydrocodone, oxycodone, and …

Codeine is bioactivated to morphine, a strong opioid agonist, by the hepatic cytochrome
P450 2D6 (CYP2D6); hence, the efficacy and safety of codeine are governed by CYP2D6 …

Codeine is bioactivated to morphine, a strong opioid agonist, by the hepatic cytochrome
P450 2D6 (CYP2D6); hence, the efficacy and safety of codeine as an analgesic are …

Pain models in animals have shown low predictivity for analgesic efficacy in humans, and
clinical studies are often very confounded, blurring the evaluation. Human experimental pain …

Despite initial enthusiasm, 1, 2, 3 the use of pharmacogenetics has remained limited to
investigation in only a few clinical fields such as oncology and psychiatry. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 The …

Drugs may cause serotonin toxicity by a number of different mechanisms including inhibition
of serotonin uptake and metabolism, increased serotonin synthesis and release, activation …

Global oxycodone consumption has increased sharply during the last two decades, and, in
2008, oxycodone consumption surpassed that of morphine. As oxycodone was synthesized …

Background and purpose: The major drug‐metabolizing enzymes for the oxidation of
oxycodone are CYP2D6 and CYP3A. A high interindividual variability in the activity of these …

Abstract The current Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group (DPWG) guideline, describes
the gene–drug interaction between CYP2D6 and the opioids codeine, tramadol and …

Methods: Literature searches were performed using PubMed, EBSCO, Cochrane Review,
and Google Scholar without publication date limits. Of 264,617 articles' titles screened and …