Recent breakthroughs in artificial intelligence (AI) have enabled machines to plan in tasks
previously thought to be uniquely human. Meanwhile, the planning algorithms implemented …

Gaming disorder was officially recognized as a disorder of addictive behaviour in the
International Classification of Diseases 11th revision in 2019. Since then, other types of …

Due to the recent progress in Deep Neural Networks, Reinforcement Learning (RL) has
become one of the most important and useful technology. It is a learning method where a …

Behavioral control is not unitary. It comprises parallel systems, model based and model free,
that respectively generate flexible and habitual behaviors. Model-based decisions use …

In human neuroscience, studies of cognition are rarely grounded in non-task-
evoked,'spontaneous' neural activity. Indeed, studies of spontaneous activity tend to focus …

The value of the environment determines animals' motivational states and sets expectations
for error-based learning,–. How are values computed? Reinforcement learning systems can …

Decisions in the natural world are rarely made in isolation. Each action that an organism
selects will affect the future situations in which it finds itself, and those situations will in turn …

Muller et al. demonstrate that reward signals recorded from the frontal cortex of nonhuman
primates exhibit a population-based scheme for learning probability distributions over …

Humans and animals make predictions about the rewards they expect to receive in different
situations. In formal models of behavior, these predictions are known as value …

As humans and animals experience the world, they learn to associate states and actions
with the expected values of the reward that is likely to follow–. Neural correlates of expected …