Macrophages phagocytize pathogens to initiate innate immunity and products from the
tumor microenvironment (TME) to mediate tumor immunity. The loss of tumor-associated …

Cancer immunotherapy based on immune-checkpoint inhibition or adoptive cell therapy has
revolutionized cancer care. Nevertheless, a large proportion of patients do not benefit from …

Regulatory T (Treg) cells, although vital for immune homeostasis, also represent a major
barrier to anti-cancer immunity, as the tumour microenvironment (TME) promotes the …

Since the discovery of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), numerous studies on the hypoxia
signaling pathway have been performed. The role of HIF stabilization during hypoxia has …

Modulation of the biochemical composition of the tumour microenvironment is a new frontier
of cancer therapy. Several immunosuppressive mechanisms operate in the milieu of most …

Cancer progression often benefits from the selective conditions present in the tumour
microenvironment, such as the presence of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) …

Macrophages act as scavengers, modulating the immune response against pathogens and
maintaining tissue homeostasis. Metabolism governs macrophage differentiation …

Despite the success of anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), anti-PD1 ligand 1
(PDL1) and anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) therapies in advanced cancer, a …

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is one of the main biochemical components of the tumor
microenvironment (TME), where it can promote tumor progression or tumor suppression …

T cells play a critical role in cancer control, but a range of potent immunosuppressive
mechanisms can be upregulated in the tumor microenvironment (TME) to abrogate their …