Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system. Microglia possess
varied morphologies and functions. Under normal physiological conditions, microglia mainly …

Aging is a complex biological process that increases the risk of age-related cognitive
degenerative diseases such as dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Lewy Body …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a neurovascular complication of diabetes. Recent investigations
have suggested that early degeneration of the neuroretina may occur prior to the …

Microglia dysfunction and activation are important hallmarks of the aging brain and are
concomitant with age‐related neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Age‐associated …

Glia, a non-excitable cell type once considered merely as the connective tissue between
neurons, is nowadays acknowledged for its essential contribution to multiple physiological …

A comprehensive review of molecular mechanisms involved in the promotion and
maintenance of distinct microglia phenotypes is provided. The acquisition and perpetuation …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devasting condition with no reliable treatment. Spina bifida is the
most common cause of congenital SCI. Cell-based therapies using mesenchymal …

Endogenous retinoic acid (RA) is essential for embryonic development and maintaining
adult physiological processes. Human-caused RA residues in the environment threaten the …

The high mortality and morbidity rate of stroke is a chronic problem that plagues human
society. The activation of microglia is one of the principal reasons why neuroinflammation …

Chemotherapeutic agents such as methotrexate (MTX), raltitrexed (RTX), 5-fluorouracil (5-
FU), hydroxyurea (HU), and retinoic acid (RA), and valproic acid (VPA), an antiepileptic …