Nearly all genetic variants that influence disease risk have human-specific origins; however,
the systems they influence have ancient roots that often trace back to evolutionary events …

Introduction. Human ABO blood type antigens exhibit alternative phenotypes and genetically
derived glycoconjugate structures that are located on the red cell surface which play an …

Simple and complex carbohydrates (glycans) have long been known to play major
metabolic, structural and physical roles in biological systems. Targeted microbial binding to …

Plasmodium falciparum is the most prevalent and lethal of the malaria parasites infecting
humans, yet the origin and evolutionary history of this important pathogen remain …

We describe a system for culturing human embryonic stem (hES) cells and induced
pluripotent stem (iPS) cells on a recombinant form of human laminin-511, a component of …

Pathogens have always been a major cause of human mortality, so they impose strong
selective pressure on the human genome. Data from population genetic studies, including …

Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) contains antigenic sites recognized by the host immune
system, cleavage sites cleaved by host proteases, receptor binding sites attaching to sialyl …

Sialic acids (Sias) are typically found as terminal monosaccharides attached to cell surface
glycoconjugates. They play many important roles in many physiological and pathological …

Human malaria has been known to be caused by 4 Plasmodium species, with Plasmodium
falciparum causing the most-severe disease. Recently, numerous reports have described …

AB 5 toxins are important virulence factors for several major bacterial pathogens, including
Bordetella pertussis, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella dysenteriae and at least two distinct …