Many cognitive neuroscientists believe that both a large brain and an isocortex are crucial
for complex cognition. Yet corvids and parrots possess non-cortical brains of just 1–25 g …

Along evolution, living organisms developed a precise timekeeping system, circadian
clocks, to adapt life to the 24-h light/dark cycle and temporally regulate physiology and …

Mammalian sleep has been implicated in maintaining a healthy extracellular environment in
the brain. During wakefulness, neuronal activity leads to the accumulation of toxic proteins …

Neuromodulation serves as a cornerstone for brain sciences and clinical applications.
Recent reports suggest that mid-infrared stimulation (MIRS) causes non-thermal modulation …

It is widely accepted that parrots show remarkable cognitive abilities. In mammals, the
evolution of complex cognitive abilities is associated with increases in the size of the …

The evolution of flight is a rare event in vertebrate history, and one that demands functional
integration across multiple anatomical/physiological systems. The neuroanatomical basis for …

In recent decades, a number of novel non-visual opsin photopigments belonging to the
family of G protein-coupled receptors, likely involved in a number of non-image-forming …

During avian embryonic development, thyroid hormones (THs) coordinate the expression of
a multitude of genes thereby ensuring that the correct sequence of cell proliferation …

The cerebellum is involved in some forms of motor coordination and learning, and in
cognitive and emotional functions. To elucidate the functions of the cerebellum, it is …

The photoreceptor protein, opsin, is one of the major components for vision and
photoreceptive function in animals. Although many opsins have been discovered from …