An assessment of Earth's climate sensitivity using multiple lines of evidence
We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …
Phanerozoic paleotemperatures: The earth's changing climate during the last 540 million years
This study provides a comprehensive and quantitative estimate of how global temperatures
have changed during the last 540 million years. It combines paleotemperature …
have changed during the last 540 million years. It combines paleotemperature …
Exceeding 1.5 C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points
Climate tipping points occur when change in a part of the climate system becomes self-
perpetuating beyond a warming threshold, leading to substantial Earth system impacts …
perpetuating beyond a warming threshold, leading to substantial Earth system impacts …
Changing state of the climate system
2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Global carbon and other biogeochemical cycles and feedbacks
It is unequivocal that the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)
and nitrous oxide (N2O) since the pre-industrial period are caused by human activities. The …
and nitrous oxide (N2O) since the pre-industrial period are caused by human activities. The …
Atmospheric CO2 over the Past 66 Million Years from Marine Archives
Throughout Earth's history, CO2 is thought to have exerted a fundamental control on
environmental change. Here we review and revise CO2 reconstructions from boron isotopes …
environmental change. Here we review and revise CO2 reconstructions from boron isotopes …
Global warming in the pipeline
Improved knowledge of glacial-to-interglacial global temperature change yields Charney
(fast-feedback) equilibrium climate sensitivity 1.2±0.3° C (2σ) per W/m2, which is 4.8° C±1.2° …
(fast-feedback) equilibrium climate sensitivity 1.2±0.3° C (2σ) per W/m2, which is 4.8° C±1.2° …
On impact and volcanism across the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary
The cause of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction is vigorously debated, owing to the
occurrence of a very large bolide impact and flood basalt volcanism near the boundary …
occurrence of a very large bolide impact and flood basalt volcanism near the boundary …
Spatial patterns of climate change across the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; 56 Ma) is one of our best geological
analogs for understanding climate dynamics in a “greenhouse” world. However, proxy data …
analogs for understanding climate dynamics in a “greenhouse” world. However, proxy data …
Mechanisms of methane hydrate formation in geological systems
Natural gas hydrate is ice‐like mixture of gas (mostly methane) and water that is widely
found in sediments along the world's continental margins and within and beneath permafrost …
found in sediments along the world's continental margins and within and beneath permafrost …