Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of receptors that can directly recognize the
specific molecular structures on the surface of pathogens, apoptotic host cells, and damaged …

Receptors of the innate immune system detect conserved determinants of microbial and viral
origin. Activation of these receptors initiates signaling events that culminate in an effective …

Inflammation is triggered when innate immune cells detect infection or tissue injury.
Surveillance mechanisms involve pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the cell surface …

Intravesical BCG instillation is the gold-standard adjuvant immunotherapy for patients with
high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. However, the precise mechanism of action by …

Entry of bacteria into host cells is an important virulence mechanism. Through peptidoglycan
recognition, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins NOD1 and …

The transcription factor NF-κB has served as a standard for inducible transcription factors for
more than 20 years. The numerous stimuli that activate NF-κB, and the large number of …

The mammalian innate immune system detects the presence of microbial infection through
germ line-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors, retinoic acid …

Nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors are cytoplasmic pattern-
recognition receptors that together with RIG-I-like receptor (retinoic acid-inducible gene 1) …

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain–containing-2 (NOD2) acts as a bacterial sensor
in dendritic cells (DCs), but it is not clear how bacterial recognition links with antigen …

It has been long recognized that NOD1 and NOD2 are critical players in the host immune
response, primarily by their sensing bacterial peptidoglycan‐conserved motifs. Significant …