The encoded biosynthesis of proteins provides the ultimate paradigm for high-fidelity
synthesis of long polymers of defined sequence and composition, but it is limited to …

Nature uses a limited, conservative set of amino acids to synthesize proteins. The ability to
genetically encode an expanded set of building blocks with new chemical and physical …

The covalent immobilisation of enzymes generally involves the use of highly reactive
crosslinkers, such as glutaraldehyde, to couple enzyme molecules to each other or to …

Our understanding of the complex molecular processes of living organisms at the molecular
level is growing exponentially. This knowledge, together with a powerful arsenal of tools for …

Since the establishment of site-specific mutagenesis of single amino acids to interrogate
protein function in the 1970s, biochemists have sought to tailor protein structure in the native …

Over the last decade, the ability to genetically encode unnatural amino acids (UAAs) has
evolved rapidly. The programmed incorporation of UAAs into recombinant proteins relies on …

We describe the construction and characterization of a genomically recoded organism
(GRO). We replaced all known UAG stop codons in Escherichia coli MG1655 with …

The emergence of robust methods to expand the genetic code allows incorporation of non-
canonical amino acids into the polypeptide chain of proteins, thus making it possible to …

Genetic code expansion and reprogramming enable the site-specific incorporation of
diverse designer amino acids into proteins produced in cells and animals. Recent advances …

Cell-free protein synthesis has emerged as a powerful approach for expanding the range of
genetically encoded chemistry into proteins. Unfortunately, efforts to site-specifically …