Evolution of RNA viruses occurs through disequilibria of collections of closely related mutant
spectra or mutant clouds termed viral quasispecies. Here we review the origin of the …

Antiviral drug resistance is a matter of great clinical importance that, historically, has been
investigated mostly from a virological perspective. Although the proximate mechanisms of …

Viral quasispecies refers to a population structure that consists of extremely large numbers
of variant genomes, termed mutant spectra, mutant swarms or mutant clouds. Fueled by high …

Transmission bottlenecks limit the spread of novel mutations and reduce the efficiency of
selection along a transmission chain. While increased force of infection, receptor binding, or …

Viral quasispecies are dynamic distributions of nonidentical but closely related mutant and
recombinant viral genomes subjected to a continuous process of genetic variation …

Novel DNA sequencing techniques, referred to as “next-generation” sequencing (NGS),
provide high speed and throughput that can produce an enormous volume of sequences …

Many viruses, including the clinically relevant RNA viruses HIV (human immunodeficiency
virus) and HCV (hepatitis C virus), exist in large populations and display high genetic …

Background Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is becoming an important part of
epidemiological investigations of infectious diseases due to greater resolution and cost …

Background. Drug-resistant tuberculosis poses a growing challenge to global public health.
However, the diversity and dynamics of the bacterial population during acquisition of drug …

The pace of pathogen discovery is rapidly accelerating. This reflects not only factors that
enable the appearance and globalization of new microbial infections, but also improvements …