The differences in cognitive processes driven by biological sex are the issues that have
gotten growing attention recently. Considering the increasing population suffering from …

Modern life poses many threats to good-quality sleep, challenging brain health across the
lifespan. Curtailed or fragmented sleep may be particularly damaging during adolescence …

Microglia are widely known for their role in immune surveillance and for their ability to refine
neurocircuitry during development, but a growing body of evidence suggests that microglia …

In day-to-day life, we often must choose between pursuing familiar behaviors or adjusting
behaviors when new strategies might be more fruitful. The dorsomedial striatum (DMS) is …

Sex differences occur in the structure and function of the rat cerebral cortex and
hippocampus, which can change from the juvenile period through old age. Although the …

Introduction Early adversity, impulsivity and sex all contribute to the risk of developing
substance use disorder. Using rats, we examined how juvenile stress interacts with sex and …

Puberty is a high-risk period for the development of dysregulated eating, including binge
eating. While risk for binge eating in animals and humans increases in both males and …

Impulsive choice may play an important role in serious health-related decisions, like
addiction tendencies. Thus, there is merit in exploring interventions that reduce impulsive …

Dendrites are branched neuronal structures that play a key role in communication via signal
integration. Complex dendrites are believed to affect signal transmission where complexity …

Human studies have demonstrated that carrying the Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) version of
the APOE gene (a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease) can be beneficial for components of …