The standard explanation for bilingual effects on cognition is that an aspect of language
processing transfers to nonverbal cognitive performance, leading to improvements in …

As a result of advances in healthcare, the worldwide average life expectancy is steadily
increasing. However, this positive trend has societal and individual costs, not least because …

The 21st century has seen a strong upward trajectory in empirical research on the multiple
benefits that foreign language/world language learning and bilingualism can afford to both …

Life-long experience of using two or more languages has been shown to enhance cognitive
control abilities in young and elderly bilinguals in comparison to their monolingual peers …

Bilingualism has been linked to improved executive function and delayed onset of dementia,
but it is unknown whether similar benefits can be obtained later in life through deliberate …

The question of whether bilingual language experience confers a cognitive advantage is still
open. Studies report that putative bilingual advantages can be accounted for by individual …

The umbrella term cognitive reserve-enhancing factors refers to those experiential and
lifestyle factors (such as intellectual activities, regular physical exercise, healthy nutrition …

A better understanding and more reliable classification of bilinguals has been progressively
achieved through the fine-tuning methodology and simultaneously optimizing the …

The Gratton effect refers to the observation that performance on congruency tasks is often
enhanced when the congruency of the current trial matches that of the previous trial. This …

We investigated the contribution of bilingual experience to the development of cognitive
reserve (CR) when compared with other, traditionally more researched, CR proxies, in a …