About one‐third of North America is forested. These forests are of incalculable value to
human society in terms of harvested resources and ecosystem services and are sensitive to …

Herbivores and pathogens impact the species composition, ecosystem function, and
socioeconomic value of forests. Herbivores and pathogens are an integral part of forests, but …

Each disturbance has both social and economic effects (Table 1). Estimating the costs of
each of these disturbances is very difficult; these estimates for the United States are …

Natural disturbances play a key role in ecosystem dynamics and are important factors for
sustainable forest ecosystem management. Quantitative models are frequently employed to …

Insects are major components of forest ecosystems, representing most of the biological
diversity and affecting virtually all processes and uses. In the USA, bark beetles (Coleoptera …

Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.)-dominated ecosystems in north-central
Colorado are undergoing rapid and drastic changes associated with overstory tree mortality …

Pest and pathogen disturbances are ubiquitous across forest ecosystems, impacting their
species composition, structure, and function. Whereas severe abiotic disturbances (eg, clear …

In recent years unusual high mortality of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) has been observed in
the Swiss Rhone Valley. The exact causes, however, are not known. At a 2‐ha monitoring …

Several species of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) are capable of
causing significant amounts of tree mortality in conifer forests throughout much of the world …

The objective of this study was to evaluate the predictive power of crown defoliation,
assessed in 5% classes, in predicting year-to-year tree mortality. A visual analysis of Swiss …