Since its initial isolation in Uganda in 1937 through the present, West Nile virus (WNV) has
become an important cause of human and animal disease worldwide. WNV, an enveloped …

Key aspects of 36 mosquito-borne arboviruses indigenous to Africa are summarized,
including lesser or poorly-known viruses which, like Zika, may have the potential to escape …

There has been a dramatic increase in the number of insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs)
discovered in the last decade. Historically, these viruses have generated limited interest due …

Usutu virus (USUV) is an emerging arbovirus that was first isolated in South Africa in 1959.
This Flavivirus is maintained in the environment through a typical enzootic cycle involving …

Background West Nile virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus which has been posing
continuous challenges to public health worldwide due to the identification of new lineages …

Hundreds of viruses, designated as arboviruses, are transmitted by arthropod vectors in
complex transmission cycles between the virus, vertebrate host, and the vector. With millions …

Acute febrile illness (AFI) is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide,
yet an etiologic agent is often not identified. Convalescent-phase serology is impractical …

Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) may cause severe emerging and re-emerging
infectious diseases, which pose a significant threat to human and animal health in the world …

Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) infect over one billion people and are responsible for over
one million deaths each year, globally. Chikungunya (CHIK) and Dengue Fever (DENF) are …

Beginning about 80 years ago, the recognition of morphological varieties of mosquitoes was
gradually replaced by the recognition of subspecies. As an examination of revisionary and …