Of all the organ systems in the body, the gastrointestinal tract is the most complicated in
terms of the numbers of structures involved, each with different functions, and the numbers …

Gut microbiota is involved in intricate and active metabolic processes the host's brain
function, especially its role in immune responses, secondary metabolism, and symbiotic …

Infections caused by Gram-negative pathogens are increasingly prevalent and are typically
treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, resulting in disruption of the gut microbiome and …

The US government and many professional societies recommend that human milk be the
sole source of nutrition for infants up to 6 months-of-age.(1, 2) However, only about 25% of …

Although our understanding of the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is
increasing, the expanding body of knowledge does not simplify the equation but rather …

The developing infant gut microbiome is highly sensitive to environmental exposures,
enabling its evolution into an organ that supports the immune system, confers protection …

Vancomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic widely used in cases of suspected sepsis in
premature neonates. While appropriate and potentially lifesaving in this setting, early-life …

The enteric nervous system (ENS) consists of an extensive network of neurons and glial
cells embedded within the wall of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Alterations in neuronal …

The side effects of antibiotic treatment directly correlate with intestinal dysbiosis. However, a
balanced gut microbiota supports the integrity of the enteric nervous system (ENS), which …

Diabetes mellitus is a disease with multiple gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea or
constipation, abdominal pain, bloating) whose pathogenesis is multifactorial. The most …