Personalized medicine tailors therapies, disease prevention, and health maintenance to the
individual, with pharmacogenomics serving as a key tool to improve outcomes and prevent …

Mosquito-borne diseases, the most well known of which is malaria, are among the leading
causes of human deaths worldwide. Vector control is a very important part of the global …

Despite their name, synonymous mutations have significant consequences for cellular
processes in all taxa. As a result, an understanding of codon bias is central to fields as …

Dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban, and betrixaban are direct oral anticoagulants
(DOACs). Their inter-individual variability in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics …

Synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) do not produce altered coding
sequences, and therefore they are not expected to change the function of the protein in …

ABCB1 (MDR1) is one of many ubiquitous adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette
(ABC) genes present in all kingdoms of life that is responsible for cellular homeostasis [1–3] …

ATP-binding cassette transporter B1 (ABCB1; P-glycoprotein; multidrug resistance protein 1)
is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent efflux transporter located in the plasma …

Development of multidrug resistance (MDR) still remains a major obstacle to the long-term
success of cancer therapy. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a well-identified membrane transporter …

Abstract Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) metabolizes∼ 50% of all clinically used drugs.
Although CYP3A4 expression varies widely between individuals, the contribution of genetic …

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness. A genome-wide search yielded
multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 15q24. 1 region associated with …