This paper provides a fundamental and critical review of biomass application as renewable
reductant in integrated ferroalloy reduction process. The basis for the review is based on the …

The production of ferroalloys and alloys like ferronickel, ferrochromium, ferromanganese,
silicomanganese, ferrosilicon and silicon is commonly carried out in submerged arc …

Increasingly stringent environmental regulations and industry adoption of waste
minimization guidelines have thus, stimulated the need for the development of recycling and …

Metallurgical grade alumina is produced worldwide through the well-known Bayer process,
which unavoidably generates bauxite residue (BR, also known as red mud) in almost equal …

Ferrosilicon production is based on the carbothermal reduction of silica and iron oxide in
submerged electric arc furnaces. The reducing process of iron oxide and silicon oxide is …

In Australia, the use of plastics has increased tremendously over the last few decades, but
less than 20% of the waste plastics are recycled. The rest is usually landfilled, which poses …

Waelz slag is an iron-containing waste generated during electric arc furnace (EAF) dust
processing in a rotary kiln named the Waelz process. This study focuses on the reduction …

Low-grade bauxite ores are not favorable in the conventional Bayer process for alumina
production, as they are producing more bauxite residue (red mud) and accompanying lower …

Fluorspar (CaF 2) has been widely used to control the physicochemical properties of slag in
steelmaking processes. However, it is very important to reduce the CaF 2 consumption …

Preparation of electronic grade manganese sulfate from ferromanganese slag, including
grinding, leaching and purification, was studied. The impurities, such as Fe 3+, Al 3+, Ca 2+ …