Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) isoforms are upregulated and activated in myocardial
diseases and have an important role in cardiac repair and remodelling, regulating the …

Cardiac fibrosis is defined as the imbalance of extracellular matrix (ECM) production and
degradation, thus contributing to cardiac dysfunction in many cardiac pathophysiologic …

The natriuretic peptide family consists of three biologically active peptides: atrial natriuretic
peptide (ANP), brain (or B-type) natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide …

Background: Information on the pathophysiological differences between heart failure with
reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) versus heart failure with preserved ejection fraction …

Heart failure is a highly morbid and mortal clinical condition that represents the last stage of
most cardiovascular disorders. Diabetes is strongly associated with an increased incidence …

The cardiac pathological response to sustained pressure overload involves myocyte
hypertrophy and dysfunction along with interstitial changes such as fibrosis and reduced …

The burden of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases is increasing with every year.
Although the management of these conditions has improved greatly over the years, it is still …

The mammalian heart expresses two closely related natriuretic peptide (NP) hormones,
atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). The excretion of the NPs …

Antioxidants are endogenous and exogenous substances with the ability to inhibit oxidation
processes by interacting with reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS, in turn, are small, highly …

Heart failure (HF) afflicts about 5 million people and causes 300 000 deaths a year in the
United States alone. An integral part of the pathogenesis of HF is cardiac remodelling, and …