The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of
research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some …

The discovery of insulin 100 years ago and its application to the treatment of human disease
in the years since have marked a major turning point in the history of medicine. The …

The mechanism of insulin action is a central theme in biology and medicine. In addition to
the rather rare condition of insulin deficiency caused by autoimmune destruction of …

Insulin resistance is a metabolic disorder affecting multiple tissues and is a precursor event
to type 2 diabetes (T2D). As T2D affects over 425 million people globally, there is an …

Insulin resistance is a major underlying mechanism for the “metabolic syndrome”, which is
also known as insulin resistance syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is increasing at an …

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the development of insulin resistance (IR);
however, a large variety of association and intervention studies as well as genetic …

Heart failure is associated with generalized insulin resistance. Moreover, insulin-resistant
states such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity increases the risk of heart failure even …

The insulin receptor substrate proteins IRS1 and IRS2 are key targets of the insulin receptor
tyrosine kinase and are required for hormonal control of metabolism. Tissues from insulin …

Insulin resistance (IR) is fundamental to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and is
present in most prediabetic (preDM) individuals. Insulin resistance has both heritable and …

Objective Skeletal muscle insulin signaling is a major determinant of muscle growth and
glucose homeostasis. Protein kinase B/Akt plays a prominent role in mediating many of the …