▪ Abstract Most prokaryotic signal-transduction systems and a few eukaryotic pathways use
phosphotransfer schemes involving two conserved components, a histidine protein kinase …

The capacity of organisms to respond to fluctuations in their osmotic environments is an
important physiological process that determines their abilities to thrive in a variety of …

Understanding the molecular determinants of specificity in protein–protein interaction is an
outstanding challenge of postgenome biology. The availability of large protein databases …

The phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP): carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS) is found
only in bacteria, where it catalyzes the transport and phosphorylation of numerous …

We have determined that Salmonella typhimurium strains with mutations in the positive
regulatory locus phoP are markedly attenuated in virulence for BALB/c mice. The DNA …

Summary Stage 0 sporulation (spo0) mutants of Bacillus subtilis are defective in the signal
transduction system initiating sporulation. Two of the products of these genes, Spo0A and …

Nitrogen metabolism in prokaryotes involves the coordinated expression of a large number
of enzymes concerned with both utilization of extracellular nitrogen sources and intracellular …

Bacteria continuously adapt to changes in their environment. Responses are largely
controlled by signal transduction systems that contain two central enzymatic components, a …

Abstract Analysis of the system design principles of signaling systems requires model
systems where all components and regulatory interactions are known. Components of the …

Regulation of function of proteins by phosphorylation of constituent amino acids has been
studied most extensively in enzymes from mammalian cell and tissue extracts. In 1956 …