Optogenetic techniques have been developed to allow control over the activity of selected
cells within a highly heterogeneous tissue, using a combination of genetic engineering and …

Optogenetic actuators enable highly precise spatiotemporal interrogation of biological
processes at levels ranging from the subcellular to cells, circuits and behaving organisms …

Sleep has a complex micro-architecture, encompassing micro-arousals, sleep spindles and
transitions between sleep stages. Fragmented sleep impairs memory consolidation …

Channelrhodopsins are used widely for optical control of neurons, in which they generate
photoinduced proton, sodium or chloride influx. Potassium (K+) is central to neuron …

The electric excitability of muscle, heart, and brain tissue relies on the precise interplay of
Na+-and K+-selective ion channels. The involved ion fluxes are controlled in optogenetic …

Modern optogenetics can be tuned to evoke activity that corresponds to naturally occurring
local or global activity in timing, magnitude or individual-cell patterning. This outcome has …

Optogenetic manipulation of neuronal activity through excitatory and inhibitory opsins has
become an indispensable experimental strategy in neuroscience research. For many …

Mesolimbic dopamine (DA) neurons play a central role in motivation and reward processing.
Although the activity of these mesolimbic DA neurons is controlled by afferent inputs, little is …

The ability to study cellular physiology using photosensitive, genetically encoded molecules
has profoundly transformed neuroscience. The modern optogenetic toolbox includes …

Reversible silencing of neuronal activity is a powerful approach for isolating the roles of
specific neuronal populations in circuit dynamics and behavior. In contrast with neuronal …