The immune system enables organisms to combat infections and to eliminate endogenous
challenges. Immune responses can be evoked through diverse inducible pathways …

The innate immune system constitutes the first line of defense against invading microbial
pathogens and relies on a large family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which detect …

Severe COVID-19 is characterized by a “cytokine storm”, the mechanism of which is not yet
understood. I propose that cytokine storms result from synergistic interactions among Toll …

Signalling by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) involves five adaptor proteins known as MyD88,
MAL, TRIF, TRAM and SARM. Recent insights have revealed additional functions for MyD88 …

Microglia are key players of the immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) and,
being the resident innate immune cells, they are responsible for the early control of …

Phagocytosis provides innate immune cells with a mechanism to take up and destroy
pathogenic bacteria, apoptotic cells and other large particles. In some cases, however …

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonizes the gastrointestinal and vaginal epithelium of a
significant percentage of healthy women, with potential for ascending intrauterine infection …

African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious transboundary disease of domestic pigs and wild
boar and spreading throughout Eurasia. There is no vaccine and treatment available …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern‐recognition receptors expressed on cells of
the innate immune system that allow for the recognition of conserved structural motifs on a …

The development of bacterial disease has been likened to a'molecular arms race', in which
the host tries to eliminate the bacteria, while the bacteria try to survive in the host. Although …