Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a diagnosis that may follow the experience of trauma,
has multiple symptomatic phenotypes. Generally, individuals with PTSD display symptoms …

The neurobiology of borderline personality disorder (BPD) remains unclear. Dysfunctions of
several neurobiological systems, including serotoninergic, dopaminergic, and other …

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is characterized by depression, anxiety and other
affective symptoms which recur in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Evidence from …

The opioid system plays a crucial role in the neural modulation of anxiety. The involvement
of opioid ligands and receptors in physiological and dysfunctional forms of anxiety is …

The main goal of this article is to review the key role that the inferior colliculus plays in the
expression of acoustic-motor and acoustic-limbic integration involved, respectively, in acute …

The medial hypothalamus, amygdala, and dorsal periaqueductal gray constitute the main
neural substrates for the integration of aversive states in the brain. More recently, some …

Several pharmacological targets have been proposed as modulators of panic-like reactions.
However, interest should be given to other potential therapeutic neurochemical agents …

Deep layers of the superior colliculus, the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter and the inferior
colliculus are midbrain structures involved in the generation of defensive behavior and fear …

The aims of this study were to assess the effects of a μ-opioid antagonist, naloxone, on
endogenous opioid systems and to evaluate the effect of naloxone on the CNS response to …

The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is a complex mesencephalic structure involved in the
integration and execution of active and passive self-protective behaviors against imminent …