Endothelium plays a fundamental role in the cardiovascular system, forming an interface
between blood and adjacent tissues by regulating the vascular tone through the synthesis of …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, membranous structures secreted into the
extracellular space. They exhibit diverse sizes, contents, and surface markers and are …

Inflammatory processes are firmly established as central to the development and
complications of cardiovascular diseases. Elevated levels of inflammatory markers have …

During the last decade, there has been great interest in elucidating the biological role of
extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly, their hormone-like role in cell-to-cell …

Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells release small, phospholipid-enclosed vesicles into
their environment. Why do cells release vesicles? Initial studies showed that eukaryotic …

The past decade has witnessed an exponential increase in the number of publications
referring to extracellular vesicles (EVs). For many years considered to be extracellular …

Microvesicles are members of the family of extracellular vesicles shed from the plasma
membrane of activated or apoptotic cells. Microvesicles were initially characterised by their …

Although the pathobiology of atherosclerosis is a complex multifactorial process, blood flow-
induced shear stress has emerged as an essential feature of atherogenesis. This fluid drag …

Membrane microparticles are submicron fragments of membrane shed into extracellular
space from cells under conditions of stress/injury. They may be distinguished from other …

Microparticles are plasma membrane-derived vesicles shed from stimulated cells, in the
broad sense of the term. Their presence is interpreted by proximal or remote cells in …