Opioid receptors have been targeted for the treatment of pain and related disorders for
thousands of years, and remain the most widely used analgesics in the clinic. Mu (μ), kappa …

Stress is a complex experience that carries both aversive and motivating properties. Chronic
stress causes an increase in the risk of depression, is well known to increase relapse of drug …

Covering: 1990 to 2015 The clerodane diterpenoids are a widespread class of secondary
metabolites and have been found in several hundreds of plant species from various families …

Agonists targeting the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) have been promising therapeutic
candidates because of their efficacy for treating intractable itch and relieving pain. Unlike …

Kappa-opioid receptors (KOR) are widely expressed throughout the central nervous system,
where they modulate a range of physiological processes depending on their location …

Abstract Background and Rationale The dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system has
been implicated as a critical component of the stress response. Stress-induced activation of …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Between 2000 and 2005 several studies revealed that morphine is more potent and exhibits
fewer side effects in beta-arrestin 2 knockout mice. These findings spurred efforts to develop …

AtT-20 cells expressing the wild-type kappa opioid receptor (KOR) increased phospho-p38
MAPK following treatment with the kappa agonist U50, 488. The increase was blocked by …

Opioids are considered the most effective analgesics for the treatment of both acute and
chronic pain. However, prolonged opioid use can induce a certain level of tolerance to its …