Ethnopharmacological relevance Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a chronic lung dysfunction
disease with a poor prognosis and poor recovery. The clinically used therapeutic drugs …

The dysregulation of autophagy is involved in the pathogenesis of a broad range of
diseases, and accordingly universal research efforts have focused on exploring novel …

Fibrosis occurs in most human organs including the liver, lung, heart and kidney, and is
crucial for the progression of most chronic diseases. As an indispensable catabolic process …

In healthy kidneys, interstitial fibroblasts are responsible for the maintenance of renal
architecture. Progressive interstitial fibrosis is thought to be a common pathway for chronic …

Abstract For coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), 15–30% of patients are likely to develop COVID-19 …

Recently, the intricate relationship between Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is of growing interest. The NLRP3 inflammasome plays …

Autophagy is a protective cellular mechanism in response to stress conditions. However,
whether autophagy is required for maintenance of the alveolar epithelium is unknown. Here …

Subconjunctival fibrosis is the final manifestation of various ocular surface injuries and
inflammatory diseases; however, clinical treatment is not currently available to prevent or …

Renal fibrosis is the final manifestation of various chronic kidney diseases, and no effective
therapy is available to prevent or reverse it. Celastrol, a triterpene that derived from …

Objective Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative articular cartilage disease accompanied by
superfluous apoptosis of chondrocytes in the elderly. Celastrol is a potent bioactive …