Upon receipt in the dorsal horn (DH) of the spinal cord, nociceptive (pain-signalling)
information from the viscera, skin and other organs is subject to extensive processing by a …

The beneficial effects of exercise on brain function have been demonstrated in animal
models and in a growing number of clinical studies on humans. There are multiple …

The locus coeruleus (LC) is a small nucleus in the pons from which ascending and
descending projections innervate major parts of the central nervous system. Its major …

More than 70 years ago, von Economo predicted a wake-promoting area in the posterior
hypothalamus and a sleep-promoting region in the preoptic area. Recent studies have …

The tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) is the major source of histaminergic innervation of the
mammalian brain and is thought to play a major role in regulating wake–sleep states. We …

Endogenous opioid peptides and prescription opioid drugs modulate pain, anxiety and
stress by activating opioid receptors, currently classified into four subtypes. Here we …

Electrical stimulation techniques were employed in the chloral hydrate anaesthetized male
rat to evaluate if the pontine noradrenergic nucleus locus coeruleus can influence the …

Neuropeptides are auxiliary messenger molecules that always co-exist in nerve cells with
one or more small molecule (classic) neurotransmitters. Neuropeptides act both as …

Sleep is an essential behavioral state. It is induced by conserved sleep-active neurons that
express GABA. However, little is known about how sleep neuron function is determined and …

Several lines of evidence show that the preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus is critically
implicated in the regulation of sleep. Functionally heterogeneous cell groups with sleep …