The hypocretins (H crts), also known as orexins, are two peptides derived from a single
precursor produced in the posterior lateral hypothalamus. Over the past decade, the orexin …

Orexin deficiency results in narcolepsy in humans, dogs, and rodents, suggesting that the
orexin system is particularly important for maintenance of wakefulness. However, orexin …

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-related condition that produces
distressing fear memory intrusions, avoidance behaviors, hyperarousal/startle, stress …

Orexin signaling is essential for normal regulation of arousal and behavioral state control
and represents an attractive target for therapeutics combating insomnia. Alternatively termed …

Introduction Diaphragm dysfunction is a significant extrapulmonary effect in chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is manifested by changes in diaphragm …

Hypocretins, also named as orexins, are excitatory neuropeptides secreted by neurons
specifically located in lateral hypothalamus and perifornical areas. Orexinergic fibers are …

An interoceptive homeostatic system monitors levels of CO2/H+ and provides a
proportionate drive to respiratory control networks that adjust lung ventilation to maintain …

Several pieces of evidence indicate that the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) is probably
one of the key neural structures mediating the pressor effects of orexins in the brain. Nitric …

Short-term and long-term blood pressure (BP) regulation and its maintenance at levels
adequate to perfuse tissue organs involve an integrated action of multiple neural …

Orexin, a small neuropeptide released from neurons in the hypothalamus with widespread
projections throughout the central nervous system, has broad biological roles including the …