Background Many eukaryote cells produce membrane-enclosed extracellular vesicles (EVs)
to establish cell-to-cell communication. Plant-derived EVs (P-EVs) contain proteins, RNAs …

Cancer cell possesses numerous adaptations to resist the immune system response and
chemotherapy. One of the most significant properties of the neoplastic cells is the altered …

Biological membranes are tricky to investigate. They are complex in terms of molecular
composition and structure, functional over a wide range of time scales, and characterized by …

Abstract Phosphatidylinositol (4, 5) bisphosphate (PI (4, 5) P2) has become a major focus in
biochemistry, cell biology and physiology owing to its diverse functions at the plasma …

Phosphatidic acid (PA) is the simplest cellular glycerophospholipid characterized by unique
biophysical properties: a small headgroup; negative charge; and a phosphomonoester …

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐localized enzymes synthesize the vast majority of cellular
lipids. The ER therefore has a major influence on cellular lipid biomass and balances the …

Lipid droplets (LDs) are dynamic organelles that contain an oil core mainly composed of
triglycerides (TAG) that is surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer and LD-associated …

Polarized exocytosis is essential for many vital processes in eukaryotic cells, where
secretory vesicles are targeted to distinct plasma membrane domains characterized by their …

Flagellin perception is a keystone of pattern-triggered immunity in plants. The recognition of
this protein by a plasma membrane (PM) receptor complex is the beginning of a signaling …

Phospholipids, including phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylcholine (PC),
phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylserine (PS) and …