Nearly 7 decades have elapsed since Francis Crick introduced the central dogma of
molecular biology, as part of his ideas on protein synthesis, setting the fundamental rules of …

Hox genes play key roles in axial patterning and regulating the regional identity of cells and
tissues in a wide variety of animals from invertebrates to vertebrates. Nested domains of Hox …

There is currently little information about the evolution of gene clusters, genome
architectures and karyotypes in early branching animals. Slowly evolving anthozoan …

The vertebrate limb continues to serve as an influential model of growth, morphogenesis
and pattern formation. With this Review, we aim to give an up-to-date picture of how a …

Draft genome sequences of non-bilaterian species have provided important insights into the
evolution of the metazoan gene repertoire. However, there is little information about the …

In the past decade, two major advances in our understanding of nuclear organization have
taken the field of gene regulation by storm. First, technologies that can analyze the three …

The HoxD gene cluster is critical for proper limb formation in tetrapods. In the emerging limb
buds, different subgroups of Hoxd genes respond first to a proximal regulatory signal, then to …

Regulatory landscapes have been defined in vertebrates as large DNA segments containing
diverse enhancer sequences that produce coherent gene transcription. These genomic …

Directed differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) or induced pluripotent stem
cells (iPSCs) provides powerful models to dissect the molecular mechanisms leading to the …

The coordinated expression of the Hox gene family encoding transcription factors is critical
for proper embryonic development and patterning. Major efforts have thus been dedicated to …