Tannins are the most abundant secondary metabolites made by plants, commonly ranging
from 5% to 10% dry weight of tree leaves. Tannins can defend leaves against insect …

Since the 19th century the phytochemistry of the Salicaceae has been systematically
investigated, initially for pharmaceutical and later for ecological reasons. The result of these …

Future anthropogenic-induced changes to the earth's climate will likely include increases in
temperature and changes in precipitation that will increase the frequency and severity of …

In Alien Species and Evolution, biologist George W. Cox reviews and synthesizes emerging
information on the evolutionary changes that occur in plants, animals, and microbial …

Phenolic secondary metabolites are often thought to protect plants against attack by
microbes, but their role in defense against pathogen infection in woody plants has not been …

Abstract In poplar (Populus spp.), the major defense phenolics produced in leaves are the
flavonoid-derived proanthocyanidins (PAs) and the salicin-based phenolic glycosides …

Literature data were collected on the floristic distribution and toxicity of phytochemicals to
herbivores and on herbivore specialization in order to test phytochemical coevolution theory …

The use of isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy (IRIS) for the stable hydrogen and oxygen
isotope analysis of water is increasing. While IRIS has many advantages over traditional …

The interactions between plants and herbivores are key determinants of community structure
world wide. Their role is particularly important in lowland tropical rain forests where rates of …

In order to study condensed tannin synthesis and its induction by herbivory, a
dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR) cDNA was isolated from trembling aspen (Populus …