Abstract The Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are attributable to matrix-enclosed
aggregates known as biofilms. Biofilms are root cause of industrial biofouling and …

The intestine is fundamental in controlling human health. Intestinal epithelial and immune
cells are continuously exposed to millions of microbes that greatly impact on intestinal …

Both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that
contain components from their mother cells. Bacterial EVs are similar in size to mammalian …

Cells from all three domains of life, Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya, produce extracellular
vesicles (EVs) which are sometimes associated with filamentous structures known as …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived nanoparticles that are important mediators in
intercellular communication. This function makes them auspicious candidates for therapeutic …

The application of bacteria and bacteria-derived membrane vesicles (MVs) has promising
potential to make a great impact on the development of controllable targeted drug delivery …

Gram-negative bacteria produce outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) with 10 to 300 nm of
diameter. The contribution of OMVs to bacterial pathogenesis is a topic of great interest, and …

Gram-negative pathogens ubiquitously shed outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that play a
central role in initiating and regulating pathogenesis in the host. Due to their highly …

Chitosan is a natural biopolymer that can be suitable for a wide range of applications due to
its biocompatibility, rigid structure, and biodegradability. Moreover, it has been proven to …

Antigen delivery has always been a challenge in scientific practice of vaccine formulation.
Yet, mammalian extracellular vesicles (EVs) or bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) provide …